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Meet The Opioid Family
Codeine
Used for mild to moderate pain and is a naturally occurring constituent of opium. Today's codeine ( pharmaceutical-grade) is produced by methylating morphine. Codeine comes alone or combined with another painkiller such as Tylenol® (acetaminophen). It is available in tablets, capsules or liquid and is taken orally.
Darvocet
Darvocet is also used for mild to moderate pain and combines acetaminophen (Tylenol) and propoxyphene. Propoxyphene binds to the pain receptors in the brain so that the sensation of pain is reduced. Acetaminophen halts the production of prostaglandins which otherwise cause pain. It's available in tablet form and taken orally.
Dilaudid
Dilaudid® is a preparation of hydromorphone and is an extremely potent painkiller. Hydromorphone inhibits the ascending pain pathways in the central nervous system, increases the pain threshold and actually alters pain perception. Dilaudid can be taken in many forms including orally as tablets and liquid, as a rectal suppository, by injection into the buttock or hip muscle, via an intravenous solution, and as a nasal spray.
Fentanyl
Extremely potent pain reliever estimated to be 80 - 100 times more potent than morphine, the base ingredient in many pain pills. This is an extremely dangerous drug and in the past year, has been linked to hundreds of deaths by overdose. Fentanyl is used as an additive to street heroin and we discuss this topic extensively in our heroin section which you can find in our Addiction Library- Drug Index.
Hydrocodone
While used primarily as an antitussive (anti-cough) agent, hydrocodone is also used as an analgesic for mild to moderate pain control and in almost every way, it's similar to morphine. You could basically look at hydrocodone as "turbo-charged" codeine. It is a very popular drug of abuse and you may know it better by the trade name Vicodin®.
Other trade names of hydrocodone are Anexsia®, Hycodan®, Hycomine®, Lorcet®, Lortab®, Tussionex®, Tylox®, and Vicoprofen®. These are all available as tablets, capsules, and/or syrups. Generally; this drug is abused by oral rather than intravenous administration. These are extremely popular drugs of legitimate and illicit use and currently in the U.S. alone, about twenty tons of hydrocodone products are consumed annually.
Lorcet®
Lorcet® is the brand name for the combination of acetaminophen (Tylenol) and hydrocodone which we just described above. Lorcet® is prescribed for moderate to moderately severe pain. Here again the operative effect is that the hydrocodone binds to the pain receptors in the brain so that the perception and intensity of the pain is reduced. The acetaminophen halts the production of prostaglandins which actually cause the pain. This drug comes in tablet, capsule, and liquid form. Lortab® is very similar to Lorcet except Lortab doesn't contain tylenol which some users find causes "rebound headaches." Norco® is another drug falling into this category because it also uses a combination of acetaminophen (Tylenol) and hydrocodone. Norco is available in tablet, capsule, and liquid form as well.
Vicodin®
Vicodin is the brand name for the combination of acetaminophen (Tylenol) and hydrocodone. Vicodin is prescribed for moderate to moderately severe pain. It works virtually the same as Lorcet in binding to pain receptors in the brain and the halting of the production of prostaglandins. It is available in tablet, capsule and liquid form, and is one of the more popular brands being abused in recent years.
MS Contin®
MS Contin is the brand name for morphine sulfate which is prescribed for moderate to severe pain. This is a highly addictive drug and comes in the form of tablets, capsules, liquid, and suppositories.
Percocet®
Percocet is the brand name for the combination of acetaminophen (Tylenol) and oxycodone. Percocet is prescribed for moderate to moderately severe pain. It is available in tablet, capsule, and liquid form. Percoset and Percodan (described below) are extremely popular drugs of abuse.
Percodan®
Percodan is the brand name for the combination of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and oxycodone. Percodan is prescribed for moderate to moderately severe pain. While both Percoset and Percodan use oxycodone as the pain receptor "binder," Percoset uses acetaminophen to halt the production of prostaglandins, while Percodan uses acetylsalicylic acid. It is also available in tablet, capsule, and liquid form.
Stadol®
Stadol is a trade name for a formulation of butorphanol which is a drug falling into a class of drugs called "narcotic analgesics." Stadol is used to treat moderate to severe pain and can be taken as a nasal spray, intra-muscularly, (injection into the buttock or hip muscle) or intravenously. (into a vein) Stadol is a popular drug for treating patients recovering from surgery or for migraine headaches. Because Stadol can be used as a nasal spray, this makes it a convenient and popular drug of abuse. This is a highly addictive drug.
Summary On The Painkiller "Family"
There are other brand names, Darvon ( a combination of codeine and propoxyphene) Demerol (meperidine) Ultram (tramadol) as well as all the other morphine derivatives. However, by now you probably wish you paid more attention in chemistry class (we know we do) but at least that gives you a quick overview of some of the more popular drugs of abuse.
So before we discuss another word about the chemistry and science of painkiller addiction, let's take a look at some of the sociological and societal aspects of the problem, because this is where it really gets interesting. On the next page, we'll begin with the "who" of the equation.
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